Showing posts with label cemetery. Show all posts
Showing posts with label cemetery. Show all posts

Monday, December 27, 2010

Bayside Cemetery Cleanup Begins by CAJAC - The Community Association for Jewish At-Risk Cemeteries - YouTube

I have seen improvements at the cemetery as I pass by on the A-train since this video was taken in 2009, but much more work is needed to complete the project...I would encourage anyone interested to contact Dr Ronny Herskovits with CAJAC (info below) to volunteer...


Gary Katz and members of The Community Association for Jewish At-Risk Cemeteries (CAJAC) Board, David Capparelli - MC Landscaping Group, its landscape contractor, Amy Koplow, Director of Hebrew Free Burial Association, Dr Ronny Herskovits, Volunteer Coordinator and City Council Member Eric Ulrich visited the Bayside Cemetery (80-15 Pitkin Avenue) in Ozone Park, Queens on May 13, 2009 to review early progress in the contracted cleanup coordinated by CAJAC with seed grant from UJA-Federation of New York. Please become part of this exciting project by volunteering, donating time and/or money as noted below.


Video by Steve Fox, Fox Video Productions, Teaneck, NJ

Sunday, December 5, 2010

Cemetery Emerges From Dense Cover By Domenick Rafter - Queens Tribune

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Once hidden by overgrown weeds and brush, historic Bayside Cemetery is slowly being cleaned up.



For decades, nature has been reclaiming Bayside Cemetery, a nearly century and a half-old Jewish cemetery in Ozone Park.

Situated between Liberty Avenue and Pitkin Avenue, between 84th and 80th Streets, Bayside Cemetery was distinct from two adjacent cemeteries because it looked more like a forest than a graveyard. Overgrown trees and brush have drowned out the gravestones, and the cemetery has also been a target for vandals, with some mausoleums having been opened.

The dilapidated cemetery, the final resting place for more than 35,000 people, had become part of the lore of the neighborhood. Local children would tell stories of ghosts haunting the grounds, and the surrounding neighborhood.

Efforts to get the cemetery's owner, Congregation Shaare Zedek on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, to clean up the site had failed. Despite being sued by the grandson of two people buried in the cemetery, where burials continued through the 1980s, the synagogue said it did not have the money for maintenance.

Now, thanks to the Community Association for Jewish At-Risk Cemeteries (CAJAC), a Westchester County-based group that helps clean and maintain Jewish cemeteries in the Greater New York area, an army of volunteers have been making progress over the past year, turning the neglected site back into a place to remember lost loved ones. Now, gravestones, monuments and mausoleums, hidden for years by the overgrowth, are reappearing, the stones glistening to riders passing on the train.

"When I first went out there this past summer, the task seemed Sisyphean, it now seems merely Herculean," wrote Peter Kaufman, a volunteer from Brooklyn who has been helping clear the cemetery on his blog InkLake. Kaufman said he first noticed the cemetery while taking the A train to JFK and was disgusted by it. He found some information on the internet and joined CAJAC to help clean it up.

"We want to make the cemetery a place where people can go to remember their loved ones and not feel sick," he said.

Monday, September 6, 2010

Book Review: ‘Cypress Hills Cemetery’ Tells Stories, Reveals Secrets by Linda J. Wilson - Queens Gazette

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Cypress Hills Cemetery
By Stephen C. Duer and
Allan B. Smith
ISBN: 9780738573434
128 pages
Arcadia Publishing
On Sale: September 6













A book with the word “Cemetery” in its title can be counted on to scare some people off. In the case ofCypress Hills Cemetery, by Stephen C. Duer, whose passion for cemeteries led him to create Cemetery Nation, which explores all aspects of this intriguing subject, and Allen B. Smith, a retired architect, local historian, trustee of the Queens Historical Society and a restorer of the Wyckoff-Snediker family cemetery in Woodhaven, that would be unfortunate, because its 128 pages are packed with information, not only about the founding and history of the first rural cemetery in Greater New York to be organized under the Rural Cemetery Act of 1847, but also about the meaning of every tree and plant, and the import of every statue and symbol found on the tombstones and monuments that adorn Cypress Hills’ 209 rolling acres that even today command magnificent views of Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean beyond.

While Cypress Hills Cemetery’s main entrance, and hence its post office address, is in Brooklyn, at 833 Jamaica Ave., most of the cemetery proper lies in adjoining Glendale in Queens, and that borough proudly claims it. In seven chapters, Inception and Development, Magnificent Man-Made Monuments, Mysterious Markings and Secret Symbols, Names That Echo from the Past, Memorials and Honors Earned, Fellowship and Immortality and Today and Tomorrow, Duer and Smith tell the story of how the cemetery grew with the borough, expanding to hold a 3.5-acre National Cemetery section with the graves of 7,000 Union soldiers and 239 Confederate prisoners and an oak tree that stands as a living memorial to President James A. Garfield, shot July 2, 1881 and died September 19 of that same year. A Mount of Victory plot holds among others the grave of one Isaac Daniels, who fought in both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Other notables whose remains rest in Cypress Hills include actress Mae West, musician Eubie Blake and Major League baseball player Jackie Robinson.

The first person interred in Cypress Hills shortly after it opened was one David Corey, died Dec. 9, 1848, aged 11 months and 11 days. Many other children’s graves dot the landscape, some succumbing to the infectious diseases that raged for most of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and others who died by other means, including Gavin Cato, whose death in a car accident brought about the Crown Heights riots of 1991 and Nixmary Brown, beaten to death by her stepfather in 2006 after years of abuse at his hands and those of her mother.

Duer and Smith explain why cypress trees are a favorite of cemetery landscapers and that oak trees in cemeteries “stand for life everlasting and can symbolize power, authority and victory” while weeping willows indicate sadness, grief and perpetual mourning. Chapter Three, Mysterious Markings and Secret Symbols, is a mustread for anyone who has ever wondered about the significance of the carpenter’s square and compass of the Freemasons, chains with broken links, hands pointing upward and palm branches, the last named appearing on Christian and Jewish graves, among many other symbols of lives lived and the hopes for the deceased expressed in stone by those they left behind. Cypress Hills also holds two buildings known as Abbeys that hold crypts, and a number of mausoleums. Duer and Smith include an explanation of the derivation of the word “mausoleum” that is well worth perusing the book to discover.

Cypress Hills Cemetery has moved into the new century with many of the problems facing burial grounds everywhere, especially the deterioration of many of the oldest markers and increasingly crowded space. It has addressed several of these with new sections holding graves marked by in-ground bronze markers and young trees planted along the cemetery’s drives and avenues with silver plaques denoting to whom they are dedicated. Sitting benches can be dedicated to a deceased loved one and the cemetery has invested considerable time and funds in sculpture and ornamental art.


Cypress Hills Cemetery is an entertaining and informative read. Aside from getting the name of the local architect who designed the cemetery’s third administration building incorrect (it’s Gerald Caliendo), and the fact that, like many of the other books in the Arcadia Publishing Images of America series, the subject matter truly demands an index, the book is a worthy addition to the library of anyone interested in local history, especially that of Queens.

Tuesday, August 17, 2010

They Will Bury Him! Man Selling Unauthorized 'Casket Co.' T-Shirts by Gary Buiso - Courier-Life

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A Queens man who is hawking souvenirs from the borough’s iconic casket company is digging his own grave — legally speaking.

Gary Comorau has been selling South Brooklyn Casket Company T-shirts and other garb on his own website — but now the multinational funeral company that bought the Gowanus gravemaker in 2005 wants to put his business venture six feet under on the grounds that he is violating their copyright.

But Comorau is whistling past the graveyard.

“I’ve ignored their ‘cease-and-desist’ letter,” he boasted this week. “My company has no assets, and I don’t sell many shirts. Who cares?”

Well, Matthews International, the publicly traded funeral supply company based in Pittsburgh.

“We don’t sell casket trinkets,” Heidi Knapp, a human resources administrator with Matthews, said gravely.

If it is true that only the dead know Brooklyn, it is also true that Brooklyn-themed souvenirs are a very lively market indeed. Slap the word “Brooklyn” on something and it sells, as the folks from Neighborhoodies have long known and the owners of the soon-to-be-Brooklyn Nets will no doubt discover.

The prospect for riches and notoriety was not initially part of Comorau’s plan. For three decades, he worked as a software engineer for the company, which remains based at Union Street between Third Avenue and Nevins Street next to the Gowanus Canal.

But when Matthews came in, Comorau was sacked. On his way out, he grabbed a case or two of the old T-shirts that South Brooklyn Casket Company owner Harry Pontone would give away to funeral homes and other industry insiders.
The shirts have an unmistakable macabre charm.

“I liked the shirts,” said Brighton Beach–born Comorau. “This is classic Brooklyn. Everyone who sees it, likes it. This was a part of Brooklyn.”

When he ran out of his original supply, Comorau did a redesign and began selling the shirts and hoodies in earnest in 2008.

Pontone, who still operates the Brooklyn factory for Matthews, said he knew nothing of Comorau’s legalistic stab in the back.

“We never sold shirts,” he said. “What advantage would that give me? I think it’s ridiculous. How can he use the name ‘Brooklyn Casket’?”

Funeral home operators were perplexed, too.

“I don’t know if it is macabre, but I think it’s a little unusual,” said Salvatore “Buddy” Scotto, owner of Scotto Funeral Home in Carroll Gardens, a longtime customer of the 79-year-old casket firm.

Besides an inspiration for merchandisers, the South Brooklyn Casket Company has long served as a muse for area artists, most notably in the song, “The South Brooklyn Casket Company,” by the band Shivley.

“I couldn’t remember what I did — something awful/Couldn’t remember what I’d buried/But I know it’ll come back to haunt me/South Brooklyn Casket Company.”

Of course, if that could fit on a T-shirt, Comorau might start selling it, too.

Monday, July 12, 2010

Man Apprehended Near Cemetery with Skull in Bag: Police by Rebecca Henely - YourNabe.com

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A member of the NYC Medical Examiner's office carries what police said was a human skull out of a walkway bordering Cypress Hills Cemetery. Photo by Christina Santucci


Police responded to a 911 call for an emotionally disturbed person near Cypress Hill cemetery Thursday and found him carrying a skull in a bag, said a spokesperson for the NYPD.

The spokesperson said that at 10:44 a.m. Thursday a Hispanic male, 37, called 911 saying he was planning to kill himself.

Officers from the 104th Precinct responded to the scene in Highland Park, adjacent to the intersection of Cypress Hills Street and the Jackie Robinson Parkway in Ridgewood. When they met the man, they found he was carrying a skull in a white bag, police said.

The skull appeared to be a number of years old and the case was not an open homicide, police said. The skull was being examined by the medical examiner’s office, police said Friday.

The man was removed to Elmhurst Hospital for examination, police said.

Sunday, July 4, 2010

Archeologists Urge for Dig to See if Methodist Cemetery Sits Below Site for Flushing Commons by Nicholas Hirshon - NY Daily News

Read previous article...Methodist graveyard may sit beneath proposed site for Flushing Commons

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Queens College Prof. James Moore says it’s important to 'take another look' for remains at Flushing Commons site, although a 1954 city check found no evidence of an old graveyard. Pace for News

Before the Civil War, a Methodist parish in Flushing buried its dead near where 37th Ave. meets 138th St. today - a fact confirmed by city reports and newspapers.

But in 1954, after a perfunctory excavation failed to find human remains there, the city chalked up the cemetery to local lore - and paved it over for a parking lot.

Decades later, that decision is facing renewed scrutiny from archeologists who want the city to dig up the plot yet again - believing bodies still rest where a complex is set to go up next year.

"I would urge that they take another look," said Queens College anthropology Prof. James Moore. He called the case an issue of "heritage, historic preservation and just simple respect for the dead."

The city Economic Development Corp. has dismissed the calls for excavation as thinly veiled attempts to halt construction of Flushing Commons, a mix of housing and retail on the site of the municipal parking lot.

An EDC spokesman, David Lombino, argued that opponents of the project - who fear its effect on small businesses and traffic - will jump on anything to stop it before a looming City Council vote.

"There are no plans to revisit that determination" of a nonexistent graveyard, Lombino said.

But a Daily News investigation has found the city Corporation Counsel's decision to deem the graves "nonexistent" on Feb. 3, 1954, may have been hasty.

A spokeswoman for the Law Department said that records of the excavation - two weeks of hand-digging in 1953 that did not turn up any bones - were "not readily available" last week.

The spokeswoman, Connie Pankratz, vowed to search in off-site archives in coming weeks.

The EDC insists the cemetery does not exist - though their officials cannot produce records showing how the Public Works Agency carried out the excavation.

"It's hard to say, without reading the [1953] report, whether the hand-testing was adequate," said Christina Rieth, the state's official archeologist.

Moore and Rieth both argued that the modern means of finding graves - including ground-penetrating radar and topsoil stripping - would prove more reliable than hand-digging did in 1953.

They also noted that attitudes toward long-lost cemeteries were much less sensitive in the 1950s - an era before city laws on cultural resources and landmarks existed.

And they figured a lack of detailed record-keeping at the time has left many lingering questions about the 1954 designation.

The city declared the cemetery "nonexistent" despite 20th-century accounts of tombstones in the Brooklyn Eagle and Long Island Daily Press.

A 1950 story in the Long Island Daily Press even reported two specific burials in church records: "C. Silliman" in 1846 and "Hutson grandchild" in 1857.

A city report in 1988 indicated that some bodies from the Methodist graveyard were reinterred in Flushing Cemetery between 1853 and 1867.

A Flushing Cemetery superintendent, however, told The News last week that he could not find any records of the Methodist reinterrments - exposing another potential flaw in the city's stance.

Even if the exhumations took place, the 1988 report suggested at least 30 bodies were unaccounted for. They could still lie beneath the parking lot - and at the center of one of the most controversial projects in Queens.

Tuesday, July 14, 2009

$1.2M in Funds Raised to Restore Burial Ground from Colonial Era by John Lauinger - NY Daily News

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TUCKED ALONG the Long Island Rail Road tracks in downtown Jamaica is a ragged old cemetery where most of the graves have been virtually lost in an emerging woodland.

The thick and untamed foliage, a rarity in the concrete-centric downtown, conceals thousands of Colonial-era graves - and, perhaps, a few secrets.

Starting in September, the graveyard, known as Prospect Cemetery, will get a resurrection of sorts.

After years of planning, the Greater Jamaica Development Corp., acting as a steward for the city-owned property, has succeeded in raising $1.2 million in city, state and private funds for the restoration.

"It's a dream come true," said Cate Ludlam, president of the Prospect Cemetery Association.

Ludlam, 62, of Long Island, is a descendant of the Ludlam family, founders of a portion of the graveyard, believed to be one of the city's oldest cemeteries.

It was built in stages, with the earliest known written reference dating to 1668, Ludlam said. It is the final resting place of dozens of Revolutionary War and Civil War veterans, as well as Egbert Benson, New York's first attorney general.

The restoration, which includes funding secured by Borough President Helen Marshall, will preserve the cemetery's wooded character, but give it a face-lift.

"There is something very magical that emerged here, but we have to make that accessible to people," said Susannah Drake, a landscape architect whose Brooklyn-based firm, dlandstudio, was selected for the project.

The first phase of the project restored the cemetery's chapel. It reopened last year.

Peter Engelbrecht, an executive with the Greater Jamaica Development Corp., said the upcoming revamp will require what amounts to headstone triage.

"We probably have to save the ones right now that are in the most danger," he said, noting that students from Columbia University will inventory the graves using Global Positioning System technology.

The restoration may also unravel two historical mysteries.

The first involves a plateau hidden in the wooded section of the property that may be a Native American burial ground, Ludlam said.

The second comes from a history of the cemetery, written years ago, that notes headstones were once laid on the ground as a pathway. Ludlam said she is eager to find those mistreated headstones, if they exist.

"I have never seen those stones, and I have been here for 20 years, picking weeds," she said.

Sunday, May 24, 2009

Help At Last for City Cypress Hills Police Burial Ground by Lisa L. Colangelo - NY Daily News

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The Boy and Girl scouts were on hand today at Cypress Hills Cemetary to pay their respects and to remember. Rosamilio/News

Better days are on the way for the Police Gardens, a longneglected police burial site at Cypress Hills Cemetery.

The cracked walkways are being dug up and replaced with smooth concrete. A group of active and retired police officers have promised to gather on the site on May 16 for a somber wreath-laying service in honor of Police Memorial Day.

They hope to festoon the small granite headstones with American flags.

But replacing the 6-foot bronze statue of a policeman and the plaques stolen from the grounds more than 40 years ago by vandals might be a tougher feat.

"I almost believed it was a lost cause," said retired cop Robert Berl, who lives near the cemetery and has been lobbying to get it refurbished. "I think it's great that something is finally going to be done."

Since the Daily News first wrote about the plight of the Police Gardens last month, dozens of people have contacted the cemetery to offer assistance.

Cemetery President John Desmond, a retired New York City police officer, was so heartened by the response that he donated the materials and labor to fix up the walkways.

"We are offering all our resources and will be ready to do whatever they want," said Desmond.

Patrolmen's Benevolent Association President Patrick Lynch is planning to attend the Saturday ceremony to show support.

"We certainly want to see it restored," said PBA spokesman Al O'Leary.

The cemetery and volunteers are limited in what they can do. The Police Gardens, also known as the Police Arlington, is technically owned by the NYPD Honor Legion, which controls who is buried at the site.

A call by the Daily News to the Honor Legion, a fraternal organization that recognizes cops involved in gun battles and other life-threatening situations, was referred to the NYPD's public information office.

The site, established more than 100 years ago, has a rich history, but there is no marker to show it is a police burial ground. The bronze statue, stolen in 1966, was never replaced and only its pedestal remains.

"These are officers who worked for the city," Berl said. "Their families thought that this would be a place of honor."

lcolangelo@nydailynews.com

Monday, March 16, 2009

A Museum of Comedy? Go Ahead, Laugh - City Room Blog - NYTimes.com

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The Museum of Comedy is inside the offices of A. Ottavino Corporation, near a cemetery. Photographs by Ángel Franco/The New York Times

There is actually a Museum of Comedy in New York City. Granted, its Queens location is a visual punch line waiting for a rim shot: tucked inside an Ozone Park stone-cutting business across the street from an overgrown and under-appreciated cemetery.

Yet, there it was on the GPS screen, listed under “Attractions” on Pitkin Avenue. Mind you, Pitkin Avenue — at least the part that ran a few blocks away over the border in East New York — was hardly a laughing matter 20 years ago, when drug-fueled homicides were rampant. And given the cemeteries on the Queens side, you’d expect to see mausoleums, not museums.

But inside the offices of A. Ottavino Corporation — a place that looks like a wood-paneled throwback to the 1960s — was an actual, though modest, collection of posters and portraits honoring Groucho Marx, Abbott and Costello, Lucille Ball and John Cleese, among others.

Some cartoons and sketches are perched on ledges, while a George Burns doll is displayed under an array of family photos. (There are also stone samples, technical drawings and non-funny catalogs through much of the space.)

“Welcome to Galleria Boobatz,” said Sallie Elkordy, who presides over this tiny collection housed at the company her grandfather founded in 1913. “My father used to say that everything I do was ‘boobatz,’ because he was trying to get me to get serious about the stone business. He’d ask me, ‘You know the root of ‘boobatz?’ I’d tell him, ‘Um…atz?’”

The museum displays a fraction of the collection she built over the years. She keeps most of it in storage, from movies and books to posters and dolls (including a talking Dennis Miller action figure, which is what boys call dolls.)


Sallie Elkordy, founder of the Museum of Comedy, which is at the company her grandfather founded in 1913 in Queens.
Photographs by Ángel Franco/The New York Times

Ms. Elkordy incorporated the museum in 2001, not so much to enshrine the comics who inspired and delighted her, but also to raise money to pay the many comics who have helped her put on hundreds free shows in hospitals and homeless shelters throughout the city. She figured if she set up a museum, she could accept donations through a nonprofit corporation,

“I always wanted a museum of comedy so I could have an organization that would let me pay people,” she said. “This is my only real concern. I have more shows coming up. The coffers are dry, and I’d like to raise money to pay these comics without having to keep dipping into my pockets.”

She is still footing the bill. Even the Web site she set up for the place is more or less dormant, since she’d rather spend her budget on the shows.

Her relatives were stone cutters. She was a cutup. Growing up in Brooklyn, Long Island, and Queens, she said she liked all things silly. It came in handy when early in grammar school she was bused to another school.

“Anybody who’s been bused knows that’s when the comedians emerge,” she said. “There’s this stress of people from different schools coming together and being territorial. Other kids were terrified, but I wasn’t. A sense of humor had everything to do with that.”

Fast forward to graduate school, where she was studying architecture. She kept a collection of New Yorker cartoons taped to her door. People laughed at them. She liked that. She liked even better the man who gave her the magazine subscription — Mohamed Elkordy, a fellow student who became her husband.

He went into her family’s business. She would too, eventually. By 1992, a decidedly unfunny fall led her to comedy. She broke her right ankle at a New Year’s Eve party and was homebound, with two young children, for eight months. That kind of thing gives you time to think. She declared 1993 would be the year of bold moves.

“I wanted to do the boldest thing I could and I decided stand-up comedy would be it,” she said. “I remember knowing hilarious people who would rock your world. Then they’d get up on stage and freeze in the spotlight. The first time I did that and people laughed, where they’re not supposed to laugh, threw me for a loop.”

When she was able to get around, she took a comedy course, using it to sift through jokes she had written. Late night open microphone nights at comedy clubs were hard, because of her children at home. Instead, she performed at fund-raising events for charities. In time, she developed a knack for getting other comics to help out. Early gigs included several at the United Nations, though she decided by the mid-1990s to stage shows at hospitals and shelters where spirits, and entertainment budgets, were low.

It’s been downhill ever since,” she said. “A lot of church basements.”

Bill McCarty, a comedian and actor, is among her regular performers.

“My attitude was I’d love to do a show for charity if someone asked me,” he said. “Sallie saw me at the Comic Strip and asked me.”

The sites are unusual, he admitted.

“Usually her shows have a two-drip minimum,” he said. “There’s usually somebody on meds. Besides me.”

Brian Kiley, a writer for Conan O’Brien and his just-completed New York show, said the audiences at her shows have challenged his preconceptions about people and comedy. He has discovered he has a lot more in common with some people than he imagined. Next Tuesday, he will be honored at a site where he has been a favorite — United Cerebral Palsy of New York City on East 23rd Street.

“That’s a tough room, because it’s very hard for these people to respond, physically,” he said. “You think you’re not doing well. The first five times I went there, I don’t know if I got a laugh. They were just staring at me. Then at the end of the year they said they wanted me back because I was their favorite comic.”

And sometimes being funny will drive away an audience, as he found at one hospital.

“A guy had just had surgery for stomach cancer,” Mr. Kiley said. “He left, but waited for me outside when I finished. He said: ‘I’m sorry, but it hurt to laugh. You were making me laugh so I had to go.’ As a comic, you’re flattered, because your dream is to hurt people as much as possible.”

Ms. Elkordy’s dream started with hopes of being in the spotlight. Yet in hospitals and shelters, she has sometimes gone telling one-liners from bed to bed or person to person. She knows that sometimes the hardest crowd consists of one. In her case, it was her father, A. George Ottavino.

“He would bust my chops,” she recalled. “He was so funny, everything I said, he had to top. He’d say something and it was like a rim shot afterward. He was so entertaining, yet he was so serious.”

Yet, her father’s portrait sits next to her own pantheon of comics, set on a narrow ledge in the office. Maybe it would be nice to have a museum after all.

“We need a real building,” Ms. Elkordy said. “We need encasements for the dolls and frames for the pictures so people can see them. And it’d be nice to have a building located where people can see them, too. Not across the street from a cemetery.”

Tuesday, January 20, 2009

Bayside Cemetery - Potential Public Health & Safety Issue - Exposed Human Remains at Bayside Cemetery, Ozone Park, Queens


It has come to the attention of the plaintiffs in the Bayside Cemetery Litigation (www.baysidecemeterylitigation.com) that another incident of mausoleum vandalism and grave desecration occurred at Bayside Cemetery in Ozone Park, Queens. Bayside Cemetery is owned and operated by Congregation Shaare Zedek in Manhattan (www.sznyc.org).


Some photographs of the previous 2003 grave desecration and re-interment efforts led by volunteers can be found at http://photos.baysidecemeterylitigation.com/GallerySlideshow.aspx?gallery=153763


In December 2008, it was reported to the plaintiffs that sometime in November 2008, more mausoleums at Bayside Cemetery were broken into and desecrated. Crypts were destroyed, coffins smashed, and human remains were scattered on the ground. Some amateur photographers documented the situation at Bayside Cemetery on January 4, 2009. Their photographs can be viewed at http://citynoise.org/article/8696


Scientific literature documents the potential dangers of exposure to human remains, the dust and residue in and around human remains, and the potential for transmission of bacterial, viral, and chemical pathogens from exposed human remains.


The following are some readily available citations and excerpts documenting the potential dangers of exposed human remains at Bayside Cemetery.

· Risky Business: Potential Hazards in the Archaelogical Investigation of Historic Cemeteries - By Alexandra Bybee - Paper presented at the 5th Annual Council for West Virginia Archaelogy Spring Workshop

http://www.crai-ky.com/education/reports/cem-hazards.html

"Numerous infectious bacterial and viral diseases affected historic populations, many of which were catastrophic to 18th, 19th, and early 20th century populations in the United States. Although it is not likely that vestiges of these diseases could have survived over the years in an historic grave setting, it is possible, especially under certain circumstances […]"

"Although the risk of acquiring disease from human remains decreases rapidly with time and decomposition and loss of soft tissue, if an intact metal casket is encountered, it is possible that any communicable disease afflicting the deceased in life, and possibly causing his or her death, could be present in preserved soft tissues."

"Bacterial diseases were prevalent in most North American populations prior to the 20th century and were probably the leading cause of death during that time. Anthrax, tetanus, and tuberculosis are resilient bacteria, and special concern about exposure may be warranted with these diseases. […] anthrax spores can last for years, […] tuberculosis is especially hardy, and the United States National Library of Medicine claims that tetanus can remain infectious for more than 40 years."

"Another bacterial disease that can be seen as a potential threat in historic cemetery excavations is cholera (Vibrio cholerae)"

"Viral diseases were also prevalent in most North American populations throughout the historic period. Viruses are completely dependent on living cells for reproduction. Although the anatomical structure of viruses make it unlikely that they could survive without living cells as hosts, they do have the potential to affect individuals excavating historic cemeteries."

"Smallpox is probably the most significant potential health risk arising from the excavation of historic cemeteries. The smallpox virus has essentially been eradicated and the vaccination is generally no longer performed, thus the release of smallpox organisms could be catastrophic."

"Chemical hazards associated with historic cemetery excavations include fluids used in embalming and materials used in coffin construction and decoration. In the United States, the mid-19th century saw the rapid rise, spread, and acceptance of a need for the body to be preserved as a necessary preliminary to interment. […] Early embalming fluids included alcohol, zinc and mercuric chloride, creosote, arsenic, sulfuric acid, and turpentine. Some of these substances pose little threat to individuals excavating or analyzing materials from historic cemeteries, but others have the potential to be quite hazardous. Many never degrade into harmless by-products and remain with the coffin and skeletal material or seep into the surrounding soils. Historic embalming practices are an issue for archaeologists excavating and analyzing remains from historic cemeteries."

"Arsenic is toxic and persistent, and the elemental form never degrades into harmless by-products. The arsenic that endures today in cemeteries can potentially harm archaeologists or others working in cemeteries, or individuals drinking contaminated ground water."

· http://www.bajr.org/documents/fieldguidetotheexcavationofhumaninhumatedremains.pdf

"Crypt burials or later burials, especially in lead or solid wood coffins may also result in soft tissue preservation. This may include hair, fingernails and skin. These must be treated with caution for health and safety reasons."

· http://books.google.com/books?id=FhJZDVuKt8gC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=cemetery+remains+excavation+infection&source=web&ots=0l3VvTw2FW&sig=0A2jxogsd4134JzLG90DDt99U2c&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA81,M1

“[…] archaeologists may inadvertently expose themselves and their colleagues to potentially harmful infectious organisms including those that ignited past epidemics”

· http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/buzz/stories/s902190.htm

"[…] there is potentially a problem: that if the cemetery is sited incorrectly, or managed incorrectly and you have a pathogenic material buried in the ground, in some situations and I want to stress that, I’m not trying to be alarmist here, but in some situations there could be migration of those pathogens."

"We’re talking about some pretty serious and nasty stuff. The main ones that come to mind are anthrax, botulism, tuberculosis, smallpox, Hepatitis A, cholera, typhoid. All the sorts of friendly organisms that you really don’t want to have hanging around, or to be resurfaced, or to move into an ecosystem via movement in groundwater."

"[…] we believe that in order to survive the virus must have a cellular host to be viable. Unfortunately that doesn’t appear to be the case. We have for instance, in the United Kingdom, resurfaced inactive smallpox spores which are 150 years old. Other viruses haven’t been investigated so this area is even more deficient in understanding than the bacterial side of things."

"Well as I said, the information that we have is quite scant but for instance the Bacillus anthrax so that’s the bacterium that causes anthrax we know that it can survive for 54 years in surface soil and it’s been found 200 years old in bone which has been buried only at a very shallow depth. The typhoid bacterium Salmonella typhi we know that it can survive 730 days in soil, 616 days in seawater and we’ve traced it already for 0.9 metres in soil. The issue of tracing how far it can move is very embryonic, we know very little indeed. The tuberculosis bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis 213 days it’s survived in soil but there’s an interesting case from Canada where some ill-fated sailors of the Franklin Expedition were exhumed and they’d been frozen for 138 years since death and in one of them they found tuberculosis bacteria, it wasn’t active but it was there. They were also able to culture something from the bowel of one of those sailors so that’s 138 years old."